Purpose: This article is an attempt to determine the share of two types of readings (profession-oriented reading and free reading) which are performed in public libraries. It also tries to show the types of library divisions (circulation, membership, collection, area and library clients) which explain the mentioned reading types.Method: In the present research, which is an applied research work, the corresponding data were collected from 21 countries regarding eight variables including: profession-oriented reading rate, free reading rate, per capita reading, circulation, membership, collection, area, and library client. Spearman rank correlation test and a step-by-step regression analysis were used for data analysis.Findings: The results showed that there is a significant correlation between public libraries and free readings. Free reading proved to be more in higher rank libraries than in lower rank ones. According to some findings, if free reading rate is considered as a base variable, circulation variable explains it with a 0.527 determining coefficient and a 0.726 correlation coefficient. Other variables have a very low impact in comparison with the mentioned variable and are ignorable. At the end, an equation has been offered to calculate free reading rate on the basis of circulation rate.Originality/Value: This article seeks to identify some proper library guidelines for the two major types of readings i.e. free reading and profession-oriented. It also attempts to clarify the share of each guideline in explaining the reading rate.

In this paper, we analysis the dynamics of per capita income by using Carrion -i- Silvestre et al. (2005) stationary test over the period 1950-2008. We use the Madison historical data. The Results show that Iran economy experienced a golden period over 1955- 1976, and if this trend had been continued, Iran could be in high per capita income club countries. Because of economic policies after first oil shock, political- social changes in the1970s, the 1980-88 war with Iraq, economic sanctions and the oil price collapse in the year 1986, the GDP per Capita in Iran has fallen so much that if the Iranian economy were growing at an average rate of 4% a year (economic growth in the 2000s), there would be a gap of 19 years between GDP per capita in 2008 and its forecast for this year.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto (TY) causality tests for investigating short-run relation between two variables. The results of the model estimation reveal that there is a unilateral causality from the GDP per capita to per capita health expenditure.Due to the results of this paper, the main implication policy of this study is that the policymakers and economic planners should adopt the suitable policies to improve economic growth and GDP per capita. Because, the increase of GDP per capita can be enhance the consumption expenditures and especially, health expenditures per capita.

Compilation of administrative plans and implementation of strategies is almost among the concerns of the managers and programmers. Deduction of plans from development master and minor plans is too much time-consuming. Moreover, areas of activity and types of medium for tourism are extremely various; therefore, in many tourism centers, development programmers compile criteria and indices calling them tourism per capita. In this article, attempts have been made to compile some of the more related per capita to tourism industry.

Status of fish consumption was analyzed by completing the 295 questionnaires in all 22 metropolitan regions of Tehran from different households in 2008. After reviewing the descriptive and statistics analysis along with the non-parametric statistics, the fish consumption per capita was extracted through formulas. The average and mode of purchasing of each household occurs 11 times per year with 5.1 Kg in each time. Considering the higher fish consumption growth rate in Iran, the sequence of interest in all kinds of protein is as follows: poultry, mutton, beef, Trout, wild fishes and Chinese carps. The highest interest of households to buy fish more than other protein resources is due to the nutrient value of it. An average of 33.2% purchasing is dedicated to the farmed fish. 59% of purchasers are interested to buy packed up fish products and pay attention to the label of nutrient values on the product package. Fish consumption per capita is 13.3 Kg, which is divided to 6.4 kg for farmed fishes, 5.8 Kg for wild fishes and 1.1 Kg for canned fish. The higher consumption per capita of Tehran citizens in comparison with other people from other cities, who are living in Tehran, is because of their tendency and freshness of farmed fishes.In contrast, the consumption of canned and wild fishes among people of littoral regions who live in Tehran is higher than others.

In this paper, nonlinear relationship between insurance penetration and per-capita income will be studied. For this purpose, the researchers specified S-shaped Curve as two-factor logistic growth functions and estimated its parameters by MLE method using panel data of 70 countries during 2000-2011. The results of estimation indicate that there is a level of per-capita income approximately 18697 for life, 7492 for non-life insurance and 10392 for total industry in which the income elasticity of the demand for insurance reaches to the maximum, 1.63, 1.38 and 1.42 respectively.  Also, the maximum and minimum of life, non-life and total industry penetrations will be 4.54, 2.9 and 7.44, and 0.75, 1.02 and 1.83 respectively.

More than half of the Greenhouse Effect is from carbon dioxide emissions. Emissions of carbon dioxide cause undesirable climatic and environmental effects and, finally, affect the global economy. Because of the importance of determining the economic impacts of increasing CO2 emissions, this study investigates the cointegration relationship between per capita Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and per capita CO2 emissions during 1974-2004 and also tests the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Dioxide during this period. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method and Error Correction Model (ECM) were used to study the cointegration relationship. Results indicated that in both short- and long-term period, a significant relationship exists between variables. On the other hand, the coefficient of error correction term was -0.19 and statistically significant. According to the results of the differential models between per capita GDP and per capita CO2 emission, Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 exists during this period.

In this article, the current water pricing system in urban regions, which is based on IBT-Con (Increasing Block Tariff–per Connection), is being analyzed. The existing system has a lot of problems due to its improper executive structure; For instance, results showed that, more-populated houses (with larger dimensions), in some cases, have utilized water about 220% more than houses with lower dimensions; and consequently have paid about 300% more water-fees in comparison with less-populated houses. This research reveals that, less populated houses have utilized about 2.5 times more water per-capita, compared to more-populated houses. However, water charges (per service-line) were almost the same for both groups, and even less for less populated houses. This study, in order to set a resolution for existing tariff system structure has proposed a tariff system based on IRT-Cap (Increasing Rate Tariff–per Capita). The proposed tariff system for low and high income households showed that not only all problems (resulting from existing IBT-Con system) are removed, but also for equal conditions of per-house water utilization, charges paid by high-income households (with a dimension of two) is about 35% more than the low-income ones (with a dimension of eight). That is, with replacement of the proposed tariff system instead of the existing one, social equity in household potable water sector will be satisfied.